The debate over how to protect children online is once again at the center of U.S. policymaking.

The Kids Internet and Digital Safety Act has moved forward in Congress, but not without controversy. While lawmakers backing the bill argue it will strengthen protections for children and empower parents, critics say the legislation may fall short when it comes to holding technology companies accountable.

The House Energy and Commerce Committee advanced the Kids Internet and Digital Safety Act, alongside several related bills aimed at addressing online risks facing children. The vote followed a sharp divide along party lines, reflecting broader disagreements about how aggressively the gover...